Force, motion, energy, work, power, and momentum calculators. Browse our free mechanics tools below — all calculators are instant, accurate, and require no sign-up.
Acceleration Calculator — Calculate acceleration from velocity change and time, force and mass, or centripetal motion. Convert between m/s², g-force, ft/s², and more.
Acceleration Due to Gravity Calculator — Calculate gravitational acceleration g at different altitudes, latitudes, and on different celestial bodies including Moon, Mars, and Jupiter.
Particle Acceleration in Electric Field Calculator — Calculate the acceleration of charged particles (electrons, protons, alpha) in electric fields using F=qE and a=qE/m with energy and velocity outputs.
Force and Mass Acceleration Calculator (F=ma) — Newton's second law F=ma calculator. Solve for force, mass, or acceleration with full unit conversions between N, kN, lbf, kg, lb, and more.
Alfvén Velocity Calculator — Calculate Alfvén wave speed in plasma from magnetic field strength and mass density. Compare speeds across solar wind, corona, tokamak, and interstellar media.
Angular Acceleration Calculator — Calculate angular acceleration from velocity change, torque/inertia, or linear acceleration. Convert between rad/s², rpm/s, deg/s², and rev/s².
Angular Displacement Calculator — Calculate angular displacement using θ = ωt + ½αt². Find revolutions, degrees, and final velocity for rotational kinematics problems.
Angular Momentum Calculator — Calculate angular momentum L = Iω for rigid bodies and L = mvr for particles. Explore conservation of angular momentum with before/after scenarios.
Angular Frequency Calculator — Convert between angular frequency (ω), frequency (f), and period (T) using ω = 2πf. Includes RPM, deg/s, and electromagnetic wavelength outputs.
Angular Velocity Calculator — Calculate angular velocity from angle/time, RPM, or linear velocity. Convert between rad/s, RPM, deg/s. Find tangential speed at any radius.
API Gravity Calculator — Convert between API gravity and specific gravity for petroleum products. Classify crude oils as light, medium, heavy, or extra heavy with density outputs.
Archimedes' Principle Calculator — Calculate buoyant force, apparent weight, and whether an object floats or sinks using Archimedes' principle. Compare behavior across fluids.
Arrow Speed Calculator — Calculate arrow speed from bow draw weight and draw length, or from chronograph data. Get kinetic energy, momentum, and game suitability analysis.
Bullet Energy Calculator — Calculate muzzle energy, momentum, and power factor from bullet mass and velocity. Compare calibers and check competition thresholds.
Bernoulli Equation Calculator — Solve Bernoulli's equation for velocity, pressure, or height between two flow points. Energy balance visualization and fluid reference table included.
Buoyancy Experiment Calculator — Simulate Archimedes' weighing experiment: weigh an object in air and water to find its volume, density, and identify its material from density tables.
Buoyancy Calculator — Determine if an object floats or sinks, calculate buoyant force, apparent weight, submersion fraction, and payload capacity for various shapes and materials.
Buoyant Force Calculator — Calculate buoyant force for spheres, cubes, cylinders, and boxes in any fluid. Supports partial submersion, multiple fluids, and weight capacity analysis.
Capacitor Energy Calculator — Calculate energy stored in capacitors using E = ½CV². Supports series and parallel combinations with charge, peak current, and RC time constant outputs.
Car Crash Force Calculator — Calculate impact force, G-forces, and crash duration from vehicle speed and crumple zone. Compare seatbelt vs no seatbelt occupant forces.
Centrifugal Force Calculator — Calculate centrifugal force (F = mω²r) from mass, radius, and rotational speed. Supports RPM, rad/s, and velocity inputs with G-force analysis.
Centripetal Force Calculator — Calculate centripetal force (F = mv²/r) for circular motion. Solve for force, mass, velocity, or radius with G-force analysis and real-world examples.
Centrifuge Speed Calculator — Convert between RPM and RCF (× g) for centrifuges. Calculate required RPM from g-force or compute RCF from speed and rotor radius.
Coriolis Effect Calculator — Calculate Coriolis deflection, acceleration, and force for moving objects on a rotating Earth. Analyze projectiles, weather systems, and ocean currents.
Conservation of Momentum Calculator — Calculate elastic and inelastic collision outcomes. Find final velocities, kinetic energy loss, and momentum conservation for two-body collisions and explosions.
Drift Velocity Calculator — Calculate electron drift velocity in conductors using v_d = I/(nAq). Includes material presets, AWG wire gauges, current density, and traversal time analysis.
Drag Equation Calculator — Calculate aerodynamic and hydrodynamic drag force using the drag equation F_d = ½ρv²C_dA. Includes fluid presets, shape coefficients, velocity-drag tables, and power analysis.
Elastic Constants Calculator — Relate Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Find any elastic constant from the others with material presets and conversion formulas.
Elastic Potential Energy Calculator — Calculate energy stored in springs using PE = ½kx². Includes spring arrangements, oscillation frequency, velocity analysis, and energy-displacement tables.
Electric Motor Torque Calculator — Calculate motor torque from power and speed using τ = P/ω. Includes efficiency, unit conversions (N·m, lb·ft, oz·in), speed-torque tables, and NEMA frame reference.
Electron Speed Calculator — Calculate electron speed from kinetic energy or accelerating voltage. Includes relativistic corrections, de Broglie wavelength, classical vs relativistic comparison.
EM Energy Density Calculator — Calculate energy density of electric and magnetic fields using u_E = ½ε₀E² and u_B = B²/(2μ₀). Includes Poynting vector, EM wave analysis, and field comparison tables.
Energy to Wavelength Calculator — Convert between photon energy and wavelength using E = hc/λ. Supports eV, joules, frequency, and nm inputs. Includes EM spectrum reference and common photon energies.
Escape Velocity Calculator — Calculate escape velocity for any celestial body using v_e = √(2GM/r). Includes solar system presets, altitude analysis, orbital velocity, and Schwarzschild radius.
Flywheel Energy Storage Calculator — Calculate energy stored in a spinning flywheel using E = ½Iω². Supports different geometries, RPM-energy tables, rim speed safety analysis, and energy density comparisons.
Free Fall Calculator — Calculate free fall distance, time, and velocity. Solve for any variable with optional initial velocity, planetary gravity comparison, and distance-time tables.
Foot-Pounds of Energy Calculator — Convert foot-pounds to joules, BTU, calories, and kWh. Ballistic muzzle energy calculator from projectile mass and velocity with common cartridge comparison table.
Free Fall Distance Calculator — Calculate how far an object falls in a given time under gravity. Distance-time tables, planetary comparisons, height equivalents bar chart, and energy analysis.
Free Fall with Air Resistance Calculator — Simulate free fall with drag using numerical integration. Calculate terminal velocity, real vs ideal fall distance, time-velocity tables, and compare drag profiles for different objects.
Free Fall Height Calculator — Calculate fall time and impact speed from height. Landmark comparisons, survivability guide, height-time-speed tables, and visual bar chart for famous structures.
Free Fall Time Calculator — Calculate how long an object takes to fall a given distance or reach a given velocity. Includes planetary comparison, distance-time tables, and timing visualization.
Friction Calculator — Calculate static and kinetic friction forces. Supports inclined surfaces, applied forces, material coefficient lookup table, angle analysis, and force diagrams.
Free Fall Velocity Calculator — Calculate the velocity of a falling object from time or distance. Speed context chart, velocity build-up tables, Mach number, kinetic energy, and momentum analysis.
Friction Factor Calculator (Darcy-Weisbach) — Calculate Darcy and Fanning friction factors for pipe flow. Moody chart calculation with Colebrook-White equation, Reynolds number, pipe material roughness, and head loss per meter.
Friction Coefficient Calculator — Determine the coefficient of friction from force measurements, inclined plane angle, or braking deceleration. Reference table, stopping distances, and classification scale.
Pipe Friction Loss Calculator (Darcy-Weisbach) — Calculate head loss and pressure drop in pipes using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Compare pipe materials, sizes, and flow conditions for plumbing, HVAC, and hydraulic systems.
Friction Force Calculator — Calculate friction force for flat and inclined surfaces with applied forces. Decompose weight into normal and parallel components, find if an object slides, and compare surface materials.
G-Force Calculator — Calculate g-force from linear acceleration, circular motion, or impact deceleration. Includes human tolerance reference, danger level assessment, and centripetal/impact analysis tables.
Gear Ratio Calculator — Calculate gear ratio from tooth counts, output speed and torque, mechanical advantage, and power transfer. Supports single and compound 2-stage gear trains with efficiency loss.
Gear Ratio & Speed Calculator — Calculate output speed, torque, and mechanical advantage from gear teeth counts. Supports single and compound gear trains with efficiency losses.
Gear Ratio RPM Calculator — Calculate output RPM from gear ratio and motor speed, find required ratio for a target RPM, or determine needed motor speed. Multi-stage support with standard motor speed reference.
Gravitational Force Calculator — Calculate gravitational force between two masses using Newton's law of universal gravitation F = Gm₁m₂/r². Includes escape velocity, orbital speed, and potential energy.
Ground Speed Calculator — Calculate aircraft ground speed from true airspeed, wind speed, and wind direction. Includes headwind/crosswind components and wind correction angle.
Hoop Stress Calculator — Calculate hoop stress, axial stress, and Von Mises stress in thin-walled pressure vessels. Supports cylinders and spheres with safety factor analysis.
Hooke's Law Calculator — Calculate spring force, stiffness, or displacement using Hooke's Law F = kx. Supports series and parallel spring configurations with oscillation frequency.
Impulse & Momentum Calculator — Calculate impulse, force, and velocity change using the impulse-momentum theorem J = FΔt = mΔv. Includes force-time trade-off visualization and sports examples.
Impact Energy Calculator — Calculate impact energy from mass and drop height or velocity. Includes impact force, deceleration in g, dynamic load factor, and Charpy test reference data.
Inclined Plane Calculator — Calculate forces on an inclined plane: normal force, parallel component, friction, net force, and acceleration. Supports applied forces and friction coefficients.
Inductor Energy Calculator — Calculate energy stored in an inductor using E = ½LI². Includes time constant, inductive reactance, impedance, and L/R current rise visualization.
Kinetic Energy Calculator — Calculate kinetic energy, mass, or velocity using KE = ½mv². Includes stopping distance, momentum, energy unit conversions, and speed comparison table.
Lever Calculator — Calculate effort force, load, fulcrum position, and mechanical advantage for all three lever classes. Includes torque balance and common lever examples.
Lift Coefficient Calculator — Calculate lift coefficient (C_L), lift force, and aerodynamic parameters from angle of attack, airspeed, wing area, and air density. Includes airfoil data table.
Linear Actuator Force Calculator — Calculate extend and retract forces for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders from system pressure, bore diameter, and rod diameter. Includes friction loss and ISO bore sizes.
Lorentz Force Calculator — Calculate the Lorentz force F = q(E + v×B) on a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields. Includes cyclotron radius, frequency, and force decomposition.
Magnetic Force Between Wires Calculator — Calculate the magnetic force per unit length between two parallel current-carrying wires using F/L = μ₀I₁I₂/(2πd). Includes AWG reference table.
Magnetic Force on Wire Calculator — Calculate the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field using F = BIL sin θ. Includes force-vs-angle chart and magnetic field reference table.
Magnitude of Acceleration Calculator — Calculate the magnitude of acceleration from x, y, z components or tangential and centripetal decomposition. Includes g-force conversion and reference table.
Mechanical Advantage Calculator — Calculate ideal and actual mechanical advantage for all six simple machines: lever, pulley, wedge, screw, wheel & axle, and inclined plane. Includes efficiency and work analysis.
Magnus Force Calculator — Calculate the Magnus force on a spinning ball — deflection, spin parameter, and lateral acceleration for baseball, soccer, tennis, golf, and more. Includes sports reference table.
Momentum Calculator — Calculate linear momentum (p = mv), elastic and inelastic collisions, kinetic energy transfer, and conservation of momentum. Includes collision type reference.
Muzzle Velocity Calculator — Estimate muzzle velocity from barrel length, powder charge, and bullet mass using energy balance or average pressure methods. Includes kinetic energy and cartridge reference.
Normal Force Calculator — Calculate the normal force on an object on a flat or inclined surface with optional applied force and friction. Includes force decomposition and friction reference.
Orbital Velocity Calculator — Calculate circular orbital velocity, period, and escape velocity for any altitude around Earth, Mars, Moon, Jupiter, Sun, or a custom body. Includes orbit types reference.
Particle Velocity (Maxwell-Boltzmann) Calculator — Calculate RMS, mean, and most probable molecular velocities from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Includes kinetic energy, mean free path, and gas speed reference.
Pendulum Frequency Calculator — Calculate pendulum frequency, period, and angular velocity for simple and physical pendulums. Includes large-angle correction, energy analysis, and period vs length chart.
Pendulum Kinetic Energy Calculator — Calculate kinetic and potential energy of a simple pendulum at any angle. Energy conservation, velocity, and height analysis.
Pendulum Period Calculator — Calculate the period of a simple pendulum using T = 2π√(L/g). Includes large-angle elliptic integral correction for accurate results.
Photon Energy Calculator — Calculate photon energy from wavelength or frequency using E = hf = hc/λ. Results in eV and joules with EM spectrum comparison.
Physical Pendulum Calculator — Calculate the period of a physical (compound) pendulum using T = 2π√(I/mgd). Common shapes with moment of inertia presets.
Piston Speed Calculator — Calculate mean piston speed from stroke and RPM. Key engine performance metric for reliability and design limits.
Piston Force Calculator — Calculate hydraulic and pneumatic piston force from pressure and bore diameter. Extend and retract forces with rod area correction.
Potential Energy Calculator — Calculate gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh. Includes height, mass solver, planetary comparison, and impact velocity.
Pneumatic Cylinder Force Calculator — Calculate pneumatic cylinder extend and retract force from air pressure and bore diameter. Includes rod area correction and air consumption.
Pulley System Calculator — Calculate mechanical advantage, effort force, and rope length for pulley systems. Simple, compound, and block-and-tackle configurations.
Principal Stress Calculator — Calculate principal stresses σ₁, σ₂ from σ_x, σ_y, τ_xy using Mohr's circle. Von Mises, Tresca yield criteria and safety factors.
Resultant Force Calculator — Calculate the resultant of multiple concurrent forces using vector addition. Find magnitude, direction, and equilibrant force.
Recoil Energy Calculator — Calculate firearm recoil energy from bullet mass, velocity, powder charge, and gun weight. Momentum conservation physics.
RMS Speed Calculator — Calculate root-mean-square speed of ideal gas molecules from temperature and molar mass. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution speeds.
Resultant Velocity Calculator — Calculate resultant velocity from vector addition of object and medium velocities. Boat crossing river, airplane in wind scenarios.
Rotational Kinetic Energy Calculator — Calculate rotational kinetic energy from moment of inertia and angular velocity. Includes common shapes and flywheel energy storage.
Rotational Stiffness Calculator — Calculate torsional spring rate from torque and twist angle or shaft properties. Rotational stiffness for shafts, springs, and bushings.
Shear Strain Calculator — Calculate shear strain from lateral displacement and thickness or from shear stress and modulus. Visualize shear deformation.
Shear Modulus Calculator — Calculate shear modulus (G) from stress/strain or elastic constants. Includes bulk modulus and material comparison table.
Shear Stress Calculator — Calculate direct, beam, and torsional shear stress. Includes stress distribution, safety factors, and bolt sizing tables.
Shear Wave Velocity Calculator — Calculate shear wave speed from shear modulus and density. Compare S-wave, P-wave, and Rayleigh wave velocities across materials.
Specific Gravity Calculator — Calculate specific gravity, density, and API gravity. Convert between SG, kg/m³, and °API. Includes buoyancy analysis and 20+ substance reference.
Simple Pendulum Calculator — Calculate simple pendulum period, frequency, energy, and speed. Includes exact large-angle correction and energy distribution analysis.
Specific Impulse Calculator — Calculate rocket specific impulse, exhaust velocity, delta-V, and thrust. Compare 13 propellant types from cold gas to ion drives.
Speed of Light Calculator — Calculate speed of light in various media from refractive index. Travel time, wavelength shift, critical angle, and 16-medium comparison table.
Speed of Sound Calculator — Calculate speed of sound in ideal gases from temperature and properties. Mach number, travel time, and comparison across 10 gases and 15 solids/liquids.
Speed of Sound in Solids Calculator — Calculate the speed of longitudinal sound waves in solids using Young's modulus and density. Compare materials with acoustic impedance data.
Speeds and Feeds Calculator — Calculate CNC machining speeds and feeds: RPM, feed rate, material removal rate from material, tool diameter, and flutes. Metric and imperial.
Spring Calculator — Calculate spring force, displacement, energy storage, and stress. Supports compression, extension, and torsion springs in series and parallel.
Spring Rate Calculator — Calculate spring rate k = Gd⁴/(8D³N) from wire diameter, coil diameter, active coils, and material shear modulus. Includes stress analysis.
Stress Calculator — Calculate normal stress σ = F/A for tensile, compressive, bearing, and shear loading. Safety factor analysis with material yield strength comparison.
Stress Concentration Factor Calculator — Calculate stress concentration factor Kt for holes, fillets, notches, and grooves. Compare nominal vs. peak stress with fatigue notch factor.
Tension Calculator — Calculate tension in ropes and cables for hanging bodies, Atwood machines, inclined planes, and pulley systems. Free body diagram analysis.
Terminal Velocity Calculator — Calculate terminal velocity v_t = √(2mg/ρCdA) for objects falling through fluids. Skydiver, raindrop, and sports ball presets included.
Thermal Energy Calculator — Calculate heat energy (Q = mcΔT) for any material. Convert between joules, calories, BTU, and kWh with heating time estimates.
Thermal Stress Calculator — Calculate thermal stress (σ = EαΔT) in constrained members. Compare materials, find critical temperature change, and check yield safety factors.
Torsional Spring Calculator — Calculate torsional spring rate, deflection angle, bending stress, and stored energy. Built-in wire material database with safety factor analysis.
True Airspeed Calculator — Calculate true airspeed (TAS) from indicated airspeed, altitude, and temperature. Find Mach number, density altitude, and ISA deviation.
True Strain Calculator — Calculate true (logarithmic) strain vs engineering strain from specimen lengths. Compare strain measures with progressive table and stress conversion.
Velocity Calculator — Calculate velocity from distance and time or kinematic equations. Convert between m/s, km/h, mph, ft/s, and knots with reference comparisons.
Relativistic Velocity Addition Calculator — Calculate relativistic velocity addition u = (v+w)/(1+vw/c²). Compare Einstein vs Galilean results with visual bars and Lorentz factors.
Von Mises Stress Calculator — Calculate Von Mises equivalent stress from general or principal stresses. Compare with Tresca criterion, find safety factors for 7 materials.
Warp Speed Calculator — Convert Star Trek warp factors to multiples of light speed. Compare TOS and TNG scales with travel times to real astronomical destinations.
Wave Speed Calculator — Calculate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength using v = fλ. Supports sound waves, electromagnetic waves, and water waves with medium-specific speeds.
Wave Velocity Calculator — Calculate phase velocity and group velocity of waves. Explore dispersion in ocean waves, plasma, optical fiber, and custom media with frequency sweeps.
Wavelength to Energy Calculator — Convert between wavelength, frequency, and photon energy using E = hc/λ. Supports eV, Joules, kJ/mol, and wave number for the full electromagnetic spectrum.
Work Calculator — Calculate work done by a force using W = Fd cos θ. Supports friction, inclined planes, and springs with energy unit conversions and angle-effect analysis.
Work and Power Calculator — Calculate mechanical power using P = W/t and P = Fv. Supports efficiency modeling, unit conversions (watts, hp, BTU/hr), and real-world power comparisons.