Calculate Hubble recession velocity, redshift, lookback time, and Hubble tension for cosmic distances. Includes notable cosmic objects reference table.
The universe is expanding — every galaxy is moving away from every other galaxy, with recession velocity proportional to distance. Hubble's law (v = H₀ × d) quantifies this: a galaxy 100 Mpc away recedes at about 6,740 km/s (using the Planck measurement of H₀ = 67.4 km/s/Mpc). More distant objects recede faster, and beyond ~4,400 Mpc, the recession velocity exceeds the speed of light.
Yes, galaxies can recede faster than light — this isn't a violation of relativity because it's the space between us that's expanding, not the galaxies moving through space. The cosmic microwave background (z = 1089) is receding at about 3.2 times the speed of light, yet we still observe it because the photons were emitted when the universe was much smaller.
The Hubble constant is one of the most important numbers in cosmology and currently one of the most contested. The "Hubble tension" — a 5σ disagreement between the Planck satellite measurement (67.4 km/s/Mpc) and the local SH0ES ladder measurement (73.0 km/s/Mpc) — may signal new physics. This calculator lets you compare both values and explore their implications for cosmic distances and ages.
Astronomy students learning Hubble's law need quick calculations. Amateur astronomers converting redshift to distance. Science communicators illustrating the Hubble tension. This calculator connects the abstract expansion rate to tangible distances and times. Keep these notes focused on your operational context. Tie the context to the calculator’s intended domain. Use this clarification to avoid ambiguous interpretation.
Hubble's Law: v = H₀ × d (low-z). Redshift: z ≈ v/c (low-z). Hubble time: t_H = 1/H₀ ≈ 14.5 Gyr. Lookback time ≈ distance/c (low-z approximation).
Result: v = 6740 km/s, z = 0.0225, lookback = 0.33 Gyr
A galaxy at 100 Mpc (326 million light-years): v = 67.4 × 100 = 6,740 km/s. Redshift z = 6740/299792 = 0.0225. Light travel time ≈ 326 Myr.
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H₀ measures the current expansion rate: km/s per megaparsec of distance. H₀ = 67.4 means each Mpc of distance adds 67.4 km/s of recession velocity.
Two independent ways of measuring H₀ give different answers: CMB-calibrated (67.4) vs distance-ladder (73.0). The 5σ discrepancy might indicate new physics beyond standard cosmology.
Yes. This doesn't violate relativity because the galaxies aren't moving through space at superluminal speeds — the space between is expanding. Objects beyond the "Hubble sphere" recede faster than c.
Light from receding galaxies is stretched to longer (redder) wavelengths: z = Δλ/λ. Cosmological redshift is caused by space expansion, not Doppler motion through space.
About 13.8 billion years (from Planck CMB data with ΛCDM model). The Hubble time 1/H₀ ≈ 14.5 Gyr is slightly larger because expansion has been decelerating then re-accelerating.
1 Mpc = 3.26 million light-years = 3.09 × 10¹⁹ km. It's the standard distance unit in extragalactic astronomy.