Apply the logarithm change of base formula to convert between any bases. Compare natural, common, and binary logarithms with a conversion table and visual comparison.
The change of base formula is one of the most useful identities in logarithm theory: log_b(x) = ln(x) / ln(b) = log(x) / log(b). Most calculators only provide natural log (ln) and common log (log₁₀), so the change of base formula lets you evaluate logarithms in any base using the buttons you already have. This calculator takes any positive number x and any valid base b, then computes the logarithm using the change of base formula. It simultaneously shows the result using natural log, common log, and binary log as intermediate steps, so you can see how all three paths lead to the same answer. The tool also computes related values: the antilogarithm (b raised to the result), the number of digits of x in base b, and the information content in bits. Preset examples cover everyday bases — binary (2), octal (8), decimal (10), hexadecimal (16), and natural (e) — plus common textbook problems. A conversion table shows log_b(x) for multiple bases simultaneously, and a bar chart compares the magnitudes visually. This is indispensable for computer science (binary/hex logs), information theory (entropy calculations), acoustics (decibel scales), and any math course that covers logarithmic identities.
Most calculators only provide ln and log₁₀ buttons, so evaluating log in base 2, 3, 5, or 16 requires the change of base formula. This calculator not only computes the result but shows all three conversion paths (via ln, log₁₀, and log₂) side by side, proves they give the same answer, and provides a multi-base comparison table. It is indispensable for computer science students working with binary/hex logarithms, information theory calculations, and anyone studying logarithmic identities.
log_b(x) = ln(x) / ln(b) = log₁₀(x) / log₁₀(b) = log_c(x) / log_c(b) for any valid base c
Result: 5
log₂(32) = ln(32)/ln(2) = 3.4657/0.6931 = 5. Also: log₁₀(32)/log₁₀(2) = 1.5051/0.3010 = 5.
The change of base formula states log_b(x) = log_c(x) / log_c(b) for any valid base c. This works because logarithms are proportional: switching the base only scales all values by a constant factor. The most common choices for c are e (natural log), 10 (common log), and 2 (binary log). All three paths yield exactly the same result, which this calculator demonstrates by showing the computation via each path simultaneously.
Binary logarithms (log₂) are fundamental in computing: the number of bits needed to represent n values is ⌈log₂(n)⌉. Binary search halves the search space each step, giving O(log₂ n) complexity. In information theory, entropy is measured in bits using log₂, in nats using ln, or in hartleys using log₁₀. Converting between these units is exactly the change of base formula. Hexadecimal logs (log₁₆) appear in memory addressing and color representation.
The common logarithm (log₁₀) underlies many scientific scales: the Richter scale for earthquakes, the pH scale for acidity, and the decibel scale for sound intensity are all logarithmic base 10. The natural logarithm appears in continuous compound interest (A = Pe^(rt)), radioactive decay, and the normal distribution. Understanding how to convert between these scales using the change of base formula connects seemingly different scientific measurements through a unified mathematical framework.
It states that log_b(x) = log_c(x) / log_c(b), allowing you to compute a logarithm in any base using a different base. Use this as a practical reminder before finalizing the result.
Most calculators only have ln and log₁₀ buttons. The formula lets you compute log in base 2, base 3, or any other base.
The natural logarithm (ln) uses base e ≈ 2.71828. It arises naturally in calculus, compound interest, and exponential growth.
The common logarithm (log₁₀) uses base 10. It is used for pH, Richter scale, decibels, and counting digits.
The binary logarithm (log₂) uses base 2. It is fundamental in computer science for measuring bits, algorithm complexity, and binary search.
Yes, as long as the base is positive and not equal to 1. For example, log₀.₅(4) = −2 because 0.5⁻² = 4.