Calculate stroke volume using EDV − ESV (volumetric) or Doppler LVOT VTI method. Includes ejection fraction, cardiac output, and indexed values.
Stroke volume (SV) — the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each heartbeat — is a fundamental measure of cardiac performance. It can be determined using two primary approaches: the **volumetric method** (SV = end-diastolic volume − end-systolic volume) and the **Doppler method** (SV = LVOT cross-sectional area × velocity-time integral).
The volumetric method derives from direct measurement of ventricular volumes, typically by echocardiography (Simpson's biplane method) or cardiac MRI. It also yields the ejection fraction (EF = SV/EDV), one of the most widely used parameters in cardiology for assessing systolic function. An EF ≥ 55% is considered normal, while values below 40% indicate heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) — a condition affecting millions worldwide.
The Doppler method calculates SV from blood flow velocity through the left ventricular outflow tract and is particularly useful when volumetric data is unavailable or unreliable. It forms the basis for non-invasive cardiac output determination during routine echocardiography.
This calculator computes stroke volume via either method and derives cardiac output (CO = SV × HR), cardiac index (CI = CO/BSA), and stroke volume index (SVI = SV/BSA). These parameters form the core hemodynamic assessment used in managing heart failure, valvular disease, and acute hemodynamic decompensation. Normal SV in adults ranges from 60 to 100 mL per beat.
Stroke volume assessment is central to evaluating cardiac function. This calculator provides both volumetric and Doppler methods with derived hemodynamic parameters essential for managing heart failure and valvular disease. Keep these notes focused on your operational context. Tie the context to the calculator’s intended domain. Use this clarification to avoid ambiguous interpretation. Align this note with review checkpoints.
Volumetric: SV = EDV − ESV. Ejection Fraction = (SV / EDV) × 100. Doppler: SV = π × (LVOT d / 2)² × VTI. CO = SV × HR / 1000. CI = CO / BSA. SVI = SV / BSA.
Result: 70 mL
With EDV 120 mL and ESV 50 mL: SV = 70 mL, EF = 58.3% (normal), CO = 4.90 L/min, CI = 2.58 L/min/m².
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Normal SV ranges from 60–100 mL per beat in adults. Stroke volume index (SVI) of 33–47 mL/m² normalizes for body size.
EF is the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle each beat (SV/EDV × 100). SV is the absolute volume. A dilated heart can have a normal SV despite a low EF if EDV is large.
Heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF) has EF < 40%. Heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF) has EF ≥ 50% with evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF) is 40–49%.
During exercise, SV increases via the Frank-Starling mechanism (increased preload) and enhanced contractility. In trained athletes, resting SV is higher due to larger ventricular volumes.
Very high SV can occur in high-output states (severe anemia, AV fistula, thyrotoxicosis, pregnancy) and may lead to high-output heart failure over time. Use this as a practical reminder before finalizing the result.
Cardiac MRI-derived volumes are the gold standard. Among echo methods, Simpson's biplane (volumetric) is standard for EF, while Doppler is excellent for serial SV tracking.